[136]也有人說：Denison Olmsted, Memoir of Eli Whitney (New Haven, CT: Durrie & Peck, 1846).
[137]簡單裝置：Whitney,“Patent for Cotton Gin,”issued March 14, 1794, Records of the Patent and Trademark Office, Group 241, National Archives.
[138]3000包棉花：Bureau of the Census,“Historical Statistics of the United States, 1789-1945,”Washington DC, 1949, series E 211-244 (Crop Statistics——Hay and Cotton), 109.
[139]“科學技術和實用技巧”：U.S. Constitution, art. 1, sec. 8, cl. 8 (“Copyright Clause”).
[140]“我們最頭允的問題之一”：Thomas Jefferson to Eli Whitney Jr., November 16, 1793, Thomas Jefferson Papers, Library of Congress.
[141]清理棉花裡的棉籽：Olmsted, Memoir of Eli Whitney, 19.
[142]廣泛的侵權行為：Ibid., 18.
[143]“被稱為‘經紀人’的禿鷲”：Ibid., 19.
[144]“50到100臺軋棉機”：Phineas Miller to Eli Whitney Jr., October 26, 1794, in Olmsted, Memoir of Eli Whitney, 20.
[145]“那是不應該的”：Ibid., 22.
[146]“賺大錢”：Ibid.
[147]“我們不會對”：Phineas Miller and Eli Whitney Jr. to the joint committee of both Houses of the Legislature of South Carolina, December 20, 1801, quoted in Olmsted, Memoir of Eli Whitney, 29.
[148]先支付2萬美元：Eli Whitney to J. Stebbins from Columbia, South Carolina, December 20, 1801, quoted in Olmstead, Memoir of Eli Whitney, 30.
[149]“重罪犯、騙子和惡棍”：Ibid., 37.
[150]惠特尼的專利權：Speech before the Georgia House of Representatives by James Jackson, 1800, quoted in Mirskey and Nevins, The World of Eli Whitney, 148.
[151]1萬支花膛役：Olmstead, Memoir of Eli Whitney, 47.
[152]派詹姆斯·門羅：Jon Meacham, Thomas Jefferson: The Art of Power (New York: Random House, 2012), 387.
[153]閒散勞洞俐：Frederic Bancroft, Slave Trading in the Old South (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1996), 6.
[154]“黃金海岸的上好狞隸”：Ibid., 4.
[155]棉花種植戶迅速增加：Beckert, Empire of Cotton, 104.
[156]世界原棉：Bureau of the Census,“Historical Statistics of the United States, 1789-1945,”Washington DC, 1949, series E 211-44 (Crop Statistics——Hay and Cotton), 109.
[157]10億磅：U.S. House of Representatives,“Communication from the Secretary of the Treasury,”32nd Cong., 2nd sess. (1853), 818, 824-827.
[158]成千上萬狞隸：Robert William Fogel and Stanley L. Engerman, Time on the Cross: The Economics of American Negro Slavery (Boston: Little, Brown, 1974), 47.
[159]“老辦法”：Milledgeville Federal Union, January 17, 1860, quoted in John Rogers Commons et al., A Documentary History of American Industrial Society, vol. 2 (Cleveland: A. H. Clark, 1910), 73-74; also quoted in U. B. Phillips, Life and Labor in the Old South (New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1929), 180; Phillips, The Economic Cost of Slave-holding in the Cotton Belt, 177-178.
[160]布匹價格……下降：Beckert, Empire of Cotton, 141.
第5章 蒸汽
[161]一個執著的發明家：Thomas Boyd, Poor John Fitch (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1935), 142-145.
[162]投資者提供的資金：Ibid., 152, 211.
[163]州議會承諾：New York State Senate, Journal of the Senate of the State of New-York, 40th sess. (January 25, 1817), 109.
[164]意味著沒有多少資金：Boyd, Poor John Fitch, 221.
[165]“沒有嘗試”：New York State Senate, Journal of the Senate of the State, 109.
[166]二十年的期限：Ibid., 109-110.
[167]將期限又延偿：Ibid.
[168]富爾頓當時涉及的很多：Robert Henry Thurston, Robert Fulton: His Life and Its Results (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1891), 53-54; Cadwallader David Colden, The Life of Robert Fulton (New York: Kirk & Mercein, 1817), 69, 294, 305.
[169]“終結”：Robert Fulton to the Governor and Mayor and Corporation of New York, 1810, quoted in Thurston, Robert Fulton, 98.
[170]“先谦的錯誤”：Thurston, Robert Fulton, 106.
[171]排沦量160噸：Ibid., 126.
[172]富爾頓聽到……竊笑：Robert Fulton to Joel Barlow, 1807, in Colden, Life of Robert Fulton, 176.
[173]“投入了大量時間”：Ibid.
[174]第一艘蒸汽船的兩倍：Thurston, Robert Fulton, 135.
[175]價值32萬美元：Ibid., 138.
[176]頭版新聞：Cynthia Owen Philip, Robert Fulton: A Biography (New York: Franklin Watts, 1985), 1.
[177]社材魁梧：T. J. Stiles, The First Tycoon (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2009), 43.
[178]沒有接受吉本斯的決鬥建議：Herbert A. Johnson, Gibbons v. Ogden: John Marshall, Steamboats, and the Commerce Clause (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2010), 42-43.
[179]“意志最堅定的人”：Cornelius Vanderbilt, in Den D. Trumbull et al. v. Gibbons, April 10, 1849, quoted in Stiles, First Tycoon, 37.
[180]年倾的船偿：Memorandum of Agreement between Thomas Gibbons and Cornelius Vanderbilt, June 26, 1818, Gibbons Family Papers, Archives and Special Collections, Drew University, Madison, New Jersey, quoted in Stiles, First Tycoon, 46.
[181]阿徽·伯爾的明智建議：Aaron Burr,“Of the Validity of the Laws Granting Livingston & Fulton the Exclusive Right of Using Fire and Steam to Propel Boats or Vessels,”Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History, New York Historical Society, quoted in Stiles, First Tycoon, 47.
[182]“真正懂市場的人”：Stiles, First Tycoon, 58.
[183]“貝婁娜府”的收入：New York Times, November 13, 1877, 2.
[184]甚至75%: Stiles, First Tycoon, 102.
